since 1997. The value orientations of the political space of a functioning

democracy at the institutional level are defined. The study noted that Albanian

political reality and behaviour are characterised by the prevalence of antagonistic

principles, which can lead to the totalisation of society. At the same time, Albania's

political space is characterised by the phenomenon of political absenteeism, which

allows for the correlation of mass public opinion following the political interests

of the ruling elite. The author traced the negative impact of political populism,

which is curtailing basic democratic principles. This study is of practical

importance, as it can be used during scientific seminars, narrowly focused or

multidisciplinary conferences, and in discussions among academics and

período de transición desde 1997. Se definen las orientaciones de valor del espacio

político de una democracia que funciona a nivel institucional. El estudio constata

que la realidad y el comportamiento políticos albaneses se caracterizan por la

prevalencia de principios antagónicos, que pueden conducir a la totalización de la

sociedad. Al mismo tiempo, el espacio político albanés se caracteriza por el

fenómeno del absentismo político, que permite la correlación de la opinión pública

de masas siguiendo los intereses políticos de la élite gobernante. El autor rastreó

democráticos básicos. Este estudio tiene una importancia práctica, ya que puede

utilizarse en seminarios científicos, conferencias de enfoque específico o

defined Albania's domestic political agenda since 1997, given the characteristics

inherent in the political, legal and administrative space. Firstly, it is worth noting

the phenomenon of political absenteeism of the general minority, which is caused

the basic principles of liberal democracy are being destroyed. The latter cannot be

considered functioning in the Albanian political space. Representative democracy

period, political institutions have not been able to get on a constitutionally

regulated and legally backed track based on the principles of democracy without

socialist impurities and a tendency towards anarchy (Kullolli, 2023). Given the

opportunities for the existence and spread of pyramid schemes, problems of

representation, and political and economic governance. Warnings regarding the

uncontrolled transition in Albania in 1997 can play an equally important role as a

“history lesson” (Morone, 2025).

The issue of the functioning of representative democracy and institutional

communication based on the system of “checks and balances” was studied by

Austin and Ellison (2008). He presents the path of decommunization on the

example of the political space of Albania, strengthening the role of parliament as

the highest representative body, i.e. determining the general political agenda for

the transition period at the time of 1997.

contribute to human progress and spread the values of liberal democracy or a

means of manipulating the consciousness of the population in the interests of

political leaders.

environment were studied and presented by sociologist Bauman (Grabovska,

2016). Using a comparative perspective, the study examines the characteristics

and impact of social media on the formation of a pluralism of opinions and

analyses the reasons for the formation of a degrading comfort zone in the

“information bubble”. The issue of “post-truth” is also raised in the works of

journalist and writer Pomerantsev (2016) and scholar Levitin (2017). The article

analyses the challenges of the postmodern world and proves the significant role of

critical thinking as the basis for conscious analysis of the information

disseminated.

Balladur (2006) studied the phenomenon of formation of the vertical of

democracy and electoral processes. The challenge is the desire to maintain

alienated control of power by each branch of government separately. However,

the problem of the possible degeneration of the parliamentary majority with its

tendency to authoritarianism is not well understood in the scientific community.

The political space of the post-Soviet young democracies has not yet enshrined a

regulated legislative process with definite subjects at the constitutional level

(Azemi, 2025 & Dinaj, 2024). Therefore, granting subjectivity to the

parliamentary majority following the law with the right to amend the Constitution

may harm the process of state-building (Abdrasulov et al., 2015). The study aims

The study analysed in stages the broken aspects of the functioning of liberal

democracy and the corresponding pragmatism in the implementation of foreign

policy not in the national interest, i.e. in favour of ochlos. In the historical

retrospective from the 1990s, the interdependence between the instability of

electoral processes in Albania and the ephemeral functional capacities of

even constitutional institutions that have lost the possibility of indirect political

involvement. The author traces the dynamics of transformations in the political,

legal, and administrative fields, which determines the dependence of Albania's

state and legal development on foreign policy processes, and the inability to

independently declare national interests given national security issues in the

To determine the manifestation of the features of liberal democracy in the

general socio-political space of Albania, the method of abstraction was used. The

analysis of certain models of socio-political structures, regimes, and democracy

models was used to explore the democratic traditions inherent in Albanian culture

and moral and ethical social order. To this end, the features of historical memory,

which focuses on the patterns of authoritarianism in the implementation of the

political system, were studied. The same method has become predominant in the

search for answers to the question of how to form personalised institutions and the

democracy, civic institutions and the search for favourable ways to form a

democratic society have been studied in the field of comparative political science

to understand real political processes.

the law. The political mechanisms of response and governance by the political

elite and the top state leadership, in general, were studied.

the people, on constant contact for their convergence.

As a result, the actualisation of the concepts of “the end of the social” and

“the end of history” is noteworthy. The media appear as a means of imposing their

abstract logic in the postmodern era (Ternov et al., 2024). The issues of the

dominance of paradoxical logic over dialectical logic, the prevalence of imitations

and simulacra as opposed to reality, truth, and objectivity are on the agenda. This

More than two decades marked a milestone, an indicator of the instability

and ephemerality of electoral processes in Albania as a driver of a strong,

functioning democracy. Under such conditions, the expansion of freedoms and the

implementation of the basic elements of functional institutionalism cannot be

discussed. Representative democracy is not a manifestation of majoritarian

centralism, when one can observe constant synergy and convergence between the

government and the people, even if the elections are not open but majoritarian,

and therefore centralised and in one round. But it is precisely this perspective that

Lincoln, who shaped the national idea for American democracy. Thus, Albania

once again proves the fact that politicians' focus on the national idea, on pragmatic

domestic political transformations, on their sovereignty, which allows them to

create an image of an “external enemy” is just a slogan on the way to consolidating

power without responsibility to the voters (Austin & Ellison, 2008).

In this context, the transition phase in Albania can be analysed. Power was

separate from governance mechanisms. Thus, representative democracy is a mere

party agreement. The principle “I am taxed, therefore I am represented” does not

apply at all. Liberal democracy has not become an important factor in transforming

the mentality and behaviour of the subject due to the lack of tangible changes in

the political field compared to the previous totalitarian system against the

background of representative democracy. It is possible to observe an

amalgamation, which is an expression of the typical Albanian appeal to the

established course of development in historical memory from the point of view of

system of secret ballot poses a challenge to a functioning representative

democracy due to the lack of mechanisms to ensure transparency of state power

maintain control over the power in an alienated manner. In such political

circumstances, resorting to the practice of forming and operating a parliamentary

majority only accelerates the process of transition from a democratic to an

authoritarian system. In addition, the following two functional dangers of

democracy were identified: “tyranny of the majority and soft despotism”, which

correlates with the conclusions of Acemoglu and Robinson (2001).

the European Commission (2021) Accession Report. In the political sphere, there

representative democracy in domestic political realities, as well as in the electoral

system, which leads to the intensification of the phenomena of “mass society”,

“silent majority”, and “political absenteeism” (Mukhtarova et al., 2024). In

comparison, it is possible to mention the studies of Fenves (2023), Kaura-aho

(2021), Follert (2021) and Koçi (2024) on the “silent majority” as a synonym for

“mass society’, explored the challenges for the political space of the postmodern

world. It is possible to trace the interdependence of the definitions of “post-truth”

and “mass society”. Postulating the mass media as a means of imposing their

abstract logic in the postmodern era, the researchers actualise the problem of the

The results of the study determine the need to find alternatives and ways to

implement the mechanisms of true democracy, rather than the features of

ochlocracy through democratic cosmetic superficial transformations. Recent

changes in the political space of Albania since 2021, based on the analysis of

historical data and the main planned budget expenditures, demonstrate progress in

waves, and the creation of a solid foundation for a functioning market economy

(Ketners, 2024). A specialised structure for fighting corruption and organised

crime acts promptly to respond to certain challenges (European Commission,

2021).

artificial invention of the human mind (Akhmetov & Zhamuldinov, 2025).

crisis of liberal democracy have been ignored (Yuliia et al., 2025).

transition to epistocracy, which now, however, is also guided by some utopian

democratic electorate due to partly misinformed electorate against the background

of political absenteeism, which becomes a fruitful foundation for certain

politicians who further distort the understanding of representative democracy as

such, representing the interests of supranational financial circles rather than voters