Palabras clave
producto interior bruto
Tratado de Maastricht
tipo de cambio
criterios de convergencia economic reforms
gross domestic product
Maastricht Treaty
exchange rate
convergence criteria
Cómo citar
Resumen
La relevancia del estudio se debe a que, a pesar de que Bulgaria ha cumplido el criterio de inflación para ingresar en la zona del euro, la inestabilidad política crónica y la polarización social siguen impidiendo su plena integración en la unión monetaria europea. El propósito del estudio es examinar la situación actual en la dirección de la preparación de Bulgaria para incorporarse a la zona del euro analizando las tendencias y particularidades de los principales segmentos de la política interior del Estado. Los métodos principales son el estadístico, con ayuda del cual se consideran los indicadores clave de la dinámica de la formación y el desarrollo económicos del país, y el método de análisis de documentos normativos, mediante el cual se analizan los actos jurídicos en el ámbito de la integración y el desarrollo europeos. Un aspecto clave del desarrollo de la comunidad europea es abordar las cuestiones críticas y responder a los retos históricos. La profundización gradual de la integración mediante la intensificación de la cooperación en todos los ámbitos y sectores determina la continuación lógica del acercamiento de los Estados de la Unión Europea: el inicio de un sistema monetario único. El euro, como unidad de pago común, ha mejorado sustancialmente la calidad y eficacia de las relaciones financieras y económicas en la Unión, pero para ingresar en la zona del euro es necesario cumplir ciertos criterios definidos por el Tratado de Maastricht. Los resultados y las mejores prácticas del estudio presentado pueden servir de base para formular recomendaciones y propuestas de adhesión a las estructuras europeas.
Citas
Abrhám, J., & Vošta, M. (2022). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on EU convergence. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(9), 384.
Action plan of the Republic of Bulgaria to join the ERM II. (2018). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/vmaxcj].
Action plan with measures to address the ERM II postcommitments. (2019). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/mylinh].
Average annual growth rate of gross domestic product in the European Union from 1996 to 2024. (2024). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/wdvtwr].
Background information on ERM II and Euro membership criteria. (2005). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/bewoxr].
Bolfek, B., Vištica, D., & Bosna, J. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on the introduction of Euro in the Republic of Croatia. Proceedings of the 38th International Business Information Management Association (IBIMA). Seville, Spain.
BTA. Bulgaria must finalize its European integration by joining Eurozone "The soonest possible", central bank governor says. (2024). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/pkuxzh].
Bulgaria can’t join the Eurozone due to high inflation, ECB says. (2024). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/nfaqiq].
Bulgaria gives up bid to join ERM II in 2010. (2010). Retrieved from [https://surli.cc/jyhbhe].
Bulgaria in global value chains: Leveraging integration with the EU. (2024). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/fugfwx].
Bulgaria inflation rate. (2025). Retrieved from [https://surl.lu/ffdatk].
Bulgaria likely won’t join Eurozone in January 2025 despite government goal. (2024). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/aeoqby].
Chorna, N. P. (2009). Development of Agrarian business in Ukraine under influence of world financial and economic crisis. Actual Problems of Economics, 11, 40–48.
Convergence report 2024. (2024). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/oswdwg].
Croatia – Financial account. (2025). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/ujaymy].
Dapontas, D. (2022). Bulgaria and possible Euro introduction. International Journal of Science and Management Studies, 5(1), 160–165.
De Grauwe, P. (2022). Towards a new Euro crisis? Intereconomics, 57(5), 273–277.
Edverton, F. (2020). European Union historical analysis. Rethinking the European Union: A Critical Vision, 8, 247–262.
Europe Agreement establishing an association between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Bulgaria, of the other part. (1993). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/gdwdqc].
Faichuk, O., Voliak, L., Hutsol, T., Glowacki, S., Pantsyr, Y., Slobodian, S., Szel?g-Sikora, A., & Gródek-Szostak, Z. (2022). European Green Deal: Threats Assessment for Agri-Food Exporting Countries to the EU. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(7), 3712. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073712
Heller, J., & Warzala, R. (2019). The effects of entering the Eurozone on other Central and Eastern European countries in relation to Poland. Journal of Competitiveness, 11(1), 5–21.
Holesch, A., & Kyriazi, A. (2021). Democratic backsliding in the European Union: The role of the Hungarian-Polish coalition. East European Politics, 38(1), 1–20.
Hovhannisyan, V. (2024). The main challenges of the future European Union enlargement. The Politnomos Journal of Political and Legal Studies, 3(2), 48–60.
Hristozov, Y. (2023). What happened to Bulgaria and the Eurozone: Economic challenges in the context of pandemic and war circumstances. Monetary and Economic Research Center 8th Annual Conference, 1, 97–104. Sofia: University of National and World Economy.
Ismayilov, V., Ibrahimli, C., Yusifov, E., Nasirova, O., & Kamran, S. (2024). An Econometric Model of the Dependence of Economic Growth of Gdp on A Group of Factors. Journal of Ecohumanism, 3(8), 12137–12150. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i8.5814
Ivanov, V. V., Mishchenko, V. I., & Maliutin, O. K. (2015). International experience of inflation targeting: Model of success for Ukraine. Actual Problems of Economics, 166(4), 414–425.
Kanapienyt?, L., & ?in?ikait?, R. (2022). Evaluation of attractiveness of the EU member states for foreign direct investment. Business and Management, 5, 114–123.
Kandilarov, E. (2023). Bulgaria economy briefing: Inflation in Bulgaria is decreasing, but it is still twice as high as in the EU. Weekly Briefing, 63(2), 1–5.
Kolodko, G., & Postula, M. (2018). Determinants and implications of the Eurozone enlargement. Acta Oeconomica, 68(4), 477–498.
Krasivskyy, O. (2024). Development and evolution of European Union policy. Democratic Governance, 17(2), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.56318/dg/2.2024.46
Krawczy?ska, D., Hadasik, B., Ryczko, A., Przedworska, K., & Kubiczek, J. (2024). Pursuing European green deal milestones in times of war in Ukraine – a context of energy transition in Poland. Economics and Environment, 88(1), 736. https://doi.org/10.34659/eis.2024.88.1.736
Kubiczek, J., & Tuszkiewicz, M. (2022). Intraday Patterns of Liquidity on the Warsaw Stock Exchange before and after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Financial Studies, 10(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs1001001
Kubiczek, J., Hadasik, B., Krawczy?ska, D., Przedworska, K., & Ryczko, A. (2023). Going beyond frontiers in household energy transition in Poland—a perspective. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, 1239115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1239115
Kudrenko, I., & Hall, L. (2024). Adoption of reusable transit packaging in US industries: a framework for enhanced sustainability. Review of Managerial Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00826-1
Law “On the Bulgarian National Bank.” (2024, February). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/jjbrsx]
Lippert, B. (2024). EU enlargement: Geopolitics meets integration policy. SWP Comment, 1, 1–8.
List of European countries by GDP. (2024). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/dpaipm].
Liu, S. (2023). Research on the impact of Eurozone monetary policy on EU economic growth. Advances in Economics Management and Political Sciences, 14(1), 72–79.
Mattiolo, L. (2024). The European Union and the challenges ahead: Prospects and trends. Il Politico, 260(1), 149–156.
Mishchenko, S. V. (2009). Financial crisis influence upon realization of monetary policy by central banks. Actual Problems of Economics, 9, 209–218.
Mishchenko, S. V., Naumenkova, S. V., & Lon, I. M. (2016). Monetary cycles in the economy of Ukraine. Actual Problems of Economics, 185(11), 363–372.
Mishchenko, V. I., & Mishchenko, S. V. (2015). Enhancing the effect of transmission channels in monetary policy of Ukraine under the transition to inflation targeting. Actual Problems of Economics, 163(1), 421–428.
MoF: Bulgaria prepares to adopt the Euro on 1 January 2025 at the latest. (2023). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/tkhwba].
Moshensky, S. (2024). Economic challenges and GDP dynamics in Ukraine from 1991 to 2023: Analysis of growth and recessions. Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics”, 11(2), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.52566/msu-econ2.2024.51
National Euro Changeover Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria. (2021). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/lneehh].
Panagopoulos, A. (2020). Euro area budget and its effects on the European and Monetary Union (EMU) integration. International Journal of Business Administration, 11(3), 83–92.
Pelle, A., & Végh, M. (2019). How has the Eurozone changed since its inception? Public Finance Quarterly, 1, 128–148.
Pérez-Moreno, S., Bárcena-Martín, E., & Ritzen, J.M.M. (2020). Institutional quality in the Euro area countries: Any evidence of convergence? Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 28(3), 387–402.
Pucar, E. B., & Glavaški, O. (2020). Macroeconomic divergences and asymmetric responses within the Euro area. Facta Universitatis, Series: Economics and Organization, 17(1), 27–41.
Rexhepi, B. R. (2023). Taxes as a source of public monetary income in the Republic of Kosovo. Quality - Access to Success, 24(195), 69–79.
Romania – Financial account. (2025). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/vuduuz].
Schipor, G.-L., & Duhnea, C. (2022). The assessment of the convergence criteria in Romania, on the path towards Euro adoption. Acta Academica Karviniensia, 22(1), 121–134.
Siljak, D., Nagy, & S. G. (2021). Does monetary union membership affect convergence in the European Union? DANUBE, 12(2), 135–157.
Stawasz-Grabowska, E. (2020). Negative feedback loop between banks and sovereigns in the Euro area – Experience of the crisis and post-crisis perspective. Comparative Economic Research Central and Eastern Europe, 23(3), 41–61.
Stayt, H. (2023). A critical analysis of the European Union’s structure and approach to economic recovery during times of crisis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies, 15(3), 43–50.
Stojkov, S., Pucar, E., & Glavaški, O. (2022). Macroeconomic adjustments under the impact of external shocks: The case of the Eurozone periphery and EFTA members. Civitas, 12(1), 56–73.
Str?chinaru, A.-V. (2023). Competitiveness and economic growth: Comparative study: Romania – Bulgaria. Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law, 27, 429–448.
Surubaru, N.-C. (2021). European funds in Central and Eastern Europe: Drivers of change or mere funding transfers? Evaluating the impact of European aid on national and local development in Bulgaria and Romania. European Politics and Society, 22(2), 203–221.
Surubaru, N.-C., & Nitoiu, C. (2021). One decade onwards: Assessing the impact of European Union membership on Bulgaria and Romania. European Politics and Society, 22(2), 161–166.
The act for implementation of EUR in Bulgaria has been approved and promulgated. (2024). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/pisccr].
The most realistic date for Bulgaria’s entry into the Eurozone is 1 January 2026 – Not earlier. (2024). Retrieved from [https://surli.cc/tuedvo].
Todorov, I. (2023). Is Bulgaria ready to join the Euro area – Income convergence or similarity of shocks criteria? Yearbook of Unwe, 2, 95–105.
Treaty “On European Union.” (1992, February). Retrieved from [https://surl.li/qypohr].
Trusova, N. V., Hryvkivska, O. V., Kotvytska, N. M., Nesterenko, S. A., Yavorska, T. I., & Kotyk, O. V. (2021). Determinants of the innovative and investment development of agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural Extension, 9(Special Issue), 81-100. https://doi.org/10.33687/ijae.009.00.3724
Ulrichs, M. (2018). Identification of financial and macroeconomic shocks in a VAR model of the Polish economy: A stability analysis. Economics and Business Review, 4(1), 29–43.
Vangjel, R. T., Habili, M., & Zyko, M. (2023). Analysis of the economic situation in case of the membership expansion in the EU, an approach toward Western Balkans. In Membership of Bulgaria in the European Union: Sixteen Years Later, 2, 189–204. Sofia: University of National and World Economy.
Varnaliy, Z., Onishchenko, S., & Masliy, A. (2016). Threat prevention mechanisms of Ukraine's economic security. Economic Annals-XXI, 159(5-6), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.V159-04
Vukadinovic, N. (2024). Eurozone enlargement in the Balkans. Regard sur l’Est, 2, 04469808
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2025 Array